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What is an Electric Vehicle (EV)?

An electric vehicle (EV) is a type of automobile that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion, replacing the traditional combustion engine that relies on gasoline or diesel. EVs operate using high-capacity rechargeable batteries that store energy and power the electric motor. This means, unlike conventional cars, EVs emit no direct pollutants and operate more quietly.

Basic Functioning:

Electricity stored in the battery is sent to the electric motor, where it is converted into kinetic energy to move the car. This process is extremely efficient, as electric motors convert up to 90% of the battery's energy into movement, compared to combustion engines, which have an efficiency of about 25%.

Types of Electric Vehicles:

• BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle): A fully electric vehicle powered by a battery, such as the Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf. These vehicles need to be recharged at charging stations and typically have a range of 200 to 600 km per charge, depending on the model and battery capacity.
• PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle): A hybrid with a rechargeable battery and a combustion engine, like the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV. PHEVs allow the driver to choose between using electricity for short trips or the combustion engine for longer distances. The electric range varies but is usually around 50 to 80 km.
• HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle): A hybrid that alternates between an electric motor and combustion, such as the Toyota Prius. These vehicles don't need to be externally charged; the battery is charged by the combustion engine and through braking regeneration. The electric motor assists during high-demand moments, like hills or rapid acceleration.
• REEV (Range Extended Electric Vehicle): Uses a combustion engine only to recharge the battery, extending range without directly using fuel to move the car. Examples include the BMW i3 REx. This type is useful for long-distance travel, offering the flexibility of an auxiliary engine.
• FCEV (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle): Uses hydrogen to generate electricity in a fuel cell, emitting only water vapor as a by-product. Examples include the Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo. FCEVs rely on hydrogen refueling stations, which are still scarce in many countries, but they are a promising zero-emission alternative for the future.